und guilty of ten charges of fraud and conspiracy. The company's collapse wiped out more than $60 billion in shareholder investment and 6,000 employee jobs, and led to the dissolution of Arthur Andersen, its auditor.
Exercising creative, entrepreneurial, profitable power-to is not hard if you pretend, and are allowed to pretend, that you live in an unregulated terra nullius. But Lay and his Enron colleagues did not live in such an empty world, and in defrauding millions of people, they severely undermined those people's power-to. Lay's emphatic rejection of rules that govern the collective, as manifested in his disinterest (enabled by our deference) in the small matter of our meeting's ground rules and the larger matter of U.S. law, illustrated his disconnected, degenerative power-over.
The irresponsible power-over exercised by Enron executives foreshadowed the global financial collapse of 2008. Business journalist Mark Haines was flummoxed when the crisis broke: "We assume that the individual pursuing his or her own best interest will result in the maximum benefit for society as a whole-and that certainly has to be questioned now."[19] The understanding that I had imbibed in London twenty years earlier-that a system driven by the power-to of the parts would produce a beneficial result for the whole-was tragically incomplete and inadequate. Before this became apparent, however, I was to have other experiences that led me to my current understanding of degenerative power.
When, after Mont Fleur, I had started working on different tough challenges in different countries-power-over manifesting in inequity and inequality-I carried with me a certain confidence that I came from a country, Canada, that had successfully overcome its own such challenges. So in 2003 I was taken aback to find myself in a conference room at the Department of Justice in Ottawa, Ontario, listening to a group of leaders of government, business, and aboriginal (Native or First
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